Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Rural smallholder farmers in developing countries were faced with the challenge of low income which disposed them to malnutrition and high poverty rate. This affects their productivity, livelihood and wellbeing. Understanding the drivers of income and its patterns is very important to curtail these challenges. Therefore, this study analysed the level of income diversification, shares of different income sources and drivers of smallholder farmers income in Enugu State Nigeria. Primary data collected from 0 rural smallholder farmers were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The study revealed that the majority (.%) of the smallholder farmers did not diversify their income, thus agriculture is their major source of income. Farm income, off-farm income and non-farm income contributed .%, .% and .%, respectively to rural smallholder farmers’ income. The identified contributing factors to smallholder farmers’ income were education, farm size, access to agricultural extension services, income derived from off-farm and non-farm activities, and access to credit facilities. The only inhibiting factor to smallholder farmers’ income was the age of the farmers. This study recommends increase in diversification level of smallholder farmers’ income and increase in cultivated farm size to boost their economic status. Provision of accessible credit facilities at a low or no interest rate, quality education and more extension contacts by the governments and related agencies to the smallholder farmers were also needed to increase smallholder farmers’ income which will improve their wellbeing.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Atef M. ELSBAAY, Mayie M. AMER

The electrocoagulation energy consumption, specific electrocoagulation energy consumption removal efficiency of COD and removal efficiency of TSS from olive mill waste water were examined by using electrocoagulation cell. Iron and aluminium were used as a material of electrodes. The distance between electrodes were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 cm, the electrocoagulation time were 10, 20, 30 and 40 mint and retention time 30 mint. The electrocoagulation voltage was 20 V while the electrical current was changing from 0.8 to 4 A. The electrocoagulation energy consumption increasing with decreasing distance between electrodes and increasing electrocoagulation time for two types of electrodes. At 1cm distance between electrodes and 40 mint electrocoagulation time, electrocoagulation energy consuming was 17.8 kW.h.m^-3 for Al electrodes and 16.8 kW.h.m^-3 for Fe electrodes. There were substantial (p<0.05) variations in COD removal efficiency and electrode distance. The effectiveness of the elimination of COD was 26.3 and 27.3 % for Fe and Al electrodes at a gap of 1cm between electrodes and 40 mints electro-coagulation times. The specific energy consumption increases with increasing process time. For Al electrodes and distance between electrodes 1 cm, the specific electrical energy consumption were 0.64, 1.15, 1.46 and 1.57 kW.h.g^-1 COD at process time 10, 20, 30 and 40 mint respectively. The removal efficiency of TSS increasing with decreasing distance between electrodes and increasing electrocoagulation time for two types of electrodes. At 1cm distance between electrodes and 40 mint electrocoagulation time, the removal efficiency of TSS were 47.6 and 42.9 % for Al and Fe electrodes respectively.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Elena ILIEVA

Shared accommodation has changed the shape and patterns of tourism industry. China, which has opened its bounds during the last decade, is no exception. It is no doubt that the Chinese government is also steering huge efforts in rural regions through the last years to reduce poverty and to achieve economic and social development. Perceiving the great opportunities that sharing economy provides to governments worldwide, China has adopted, successfully integrated and even supported the sharing economy. P2P-accommodation, as part of the sharing economy, is seen as a chance to generate a positive influence in rural regions. Airbnb is the official partner of the Chinese government in this process and is actively participating in a wide range of activities. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of P2P-accommodation on the Chinese rural regions development taking into consideration Airbnb presence on the market. A 5-step analysis methodology developed by the author is used, which examines the impact of Airbnb on the rural tourism market and how it helps the rural regions development in China. The revealed results show a positive economic impact of the integration of P2P-accommodation in rural regions, a variety of programs and measures to support the development of rural tourism in China and an improved well-being of the rural residents where Airbnb has concentrated its activity. As main conclusion we can underline that the integration of P2P-accommodation in Chinese rural regions has a positive influence helping poverty alleviation, revitalizing rural areas and improving life satisfaction of rural residents in China.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Yuriy DANKO, Anhelina HALYNSKA, Kseniia BLYUMSKA-DANKO, Volodymyr OREL

Conceptual provisions on the development of wineries in conditions of economic uncertainty are presented, which include: determining the adaptability, balance and effectiveness of the development of wineries; use of integrated assessments of balance as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of enterprises, which allows you to objectively develop directions for choosing a development strategy in accordance with business process indicators. It was proposed a scientific and conceptual approach to the development strategy of wineries in conditions of economic uncertainty, which, in contrast to the current, is based on the results of differentiated assessment of the level of development of wineries for different types of business processes in economic uncertainty and allows a reasonable choice of development strategy and identify a set of relevant strategic alternatives. Thus, for each winery should be defined tactical tasks for managing the development of wineries, based on certain coefficients of difficulty for the development of certain types of business processes of the winery. The integration of wineries development strategies with the strategic priorities of economic development in conditions of instability is presented in the matrix. Based on the presented matrix, it is determined that at the current level for balanced development of wineries development management priorities that meet the development strategy in conditions of economic uncertainty should be: overcoming the limited entry of domestic wine products into the domestic market, increasing international competitiveness and entering world markets; improving the quality of wines and ensuring a clear classification of their types and relevant technical requirements; improving the resource base for winemaking, streamlining the current regulatory framework; optimization of excise taxation; vertical integration of the industry; promoting the differentiation of approaches to regulating the activities of wineries in accordance with their size, insurance of crops and mutual funds, management of the varietal structure of vineyards, etc.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The paper studied the dynamics of the economic value of pollination in Romania's orchards taking into account the main trees species producing fruits: plum, apple, cherry, apricot, pear and peach fruit trees in the period 2011- 2020. The data provided by National Institute of Statistics were used to quantify fruit production and value based on the average annual purchase price, and the economic value of fruit production produced by pollinators, taking into consideration de dependence degree by fruit tree species. After a period of decline, fruit tree growing has recovered especially during the last years making investments in new plantations of apple, plum, cherry, peach trees etc. In 2020, Romania had 138,000 ha of orchards, over 74 million fruit trees, a fruit production of 1.6 million tons of which 93.33% came from the six main fruit tree species: plum (48.4%), apple (34.4%), cherry(4.6%), pear (3.09%), apricot (1.74%) and peach trees (1%).The total value of fruit production from the six species accounted for Euro 1,303.69 Million at purchase price, being by 42.2% higher than in 2011. The results proved that the pollination economic value contributed by Euro 1,032 Million, that is by about 80% to fruit production value in 2020, which reflects how important is insect pollination in fruit trees growing. In 2020, the economic value of pollination per fruit tree accounted for: Euro 12.2 for plum tree, Euro 15.7 per apple tree, Euro 13.2 per pear tree, Euro 12.4 per peach tree, Euro 26.6 per cherry tree and Euro 14.5 per apricot tree. Therefore, the entomophilous fauna has to be preserved not only for biodiversity conservation but mainly for helping the sustainable development of fruit tree growing to produce more and of higher quality.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Mehmet Arif ŞAHİNLİ

Using GARCH(p,q) models, in this study our aim is to examine and search the characteristics of volatility of Turkish sugar price. Due to the ARCH effects on price, ARCH(q), GARCH(p,q) and EGARCH(p,q) including these effects on mean and variance equations were estimated. Normal, t-Student, and generalized error distributions with Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method were estimated for these models. Determining the optimal parameters, Marquardt’s algorithm (1963) was used for maximizing the log-likelihood function. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were used to determine the fit model for making predicting. In this study, we found the best model as a GARCH (1,1) model.

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Retracted article from publishing in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Emmanuel Olushola ADEDEJI, Jude CHIKEZIE, Deji Abiodun JOSHUA, Olorunfemi Boye OYEDIRAN, John Ojo ONIHUNWA

Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Oksana BEREZIVSKA, Zinoviy BEREZIVSKYY

Theoretical bases and methodical approaches to the study of the state of tourist and recreational potential of Lviv region are substantiated and the main tendencies of its changes for the future are determined. Many of the problems associated with the development of the tourism industry remain unexplored and need further elaboration. This testifies to the relevance and expediency of further research. The method of research of the state of tourist and recreational potential of Lviv region, which is based on the use of a number of general scientific methods, is described. The tendencies of development of tourist and recreational potential of Lviv region are substantiated. Wide range of different types of tourism is developing in the Lviv region now and therefore there is a well-developed network of enterprises that serve the tourism industry. The available strong tourist and recreational potential indicates that the development of the tourism industry has become one of the most priority economic directions of Lviv region. According to the results of the study, the relevant conclusions are given.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Zinoviy BEREZIVSKYY, Oksana BEREZIVSKA

Theoretical bases and methodical approaches to the study of the state of the agrarian sector of Lviv region are substantiated and the directions of its development for the future are determined. Some issues related to the development of the agrarian sector need further elaboration. It indicates the relevance and feasibility of this research. The purpose and tasks of the method of research of the state of the agrarian sector of the Lviv region are defined and perspective tendencies of development are outlined. Agrarian sector of Ukraine having a production potential that significantly exceeds the needs of the domestic market, will contribute to the development of the national economy and its effective integration into the world economy. It will also have a positive effect on the growth of income of the rural population employed in agriculture, and in turn will provide a positive effect on the development of other sectors of the national economy. All the results of the study are presented in the form of relevant conclusions.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 21 ISSUE 3
Written by Nelė JURKĖNAITĖ, Deiva MIKELIONYTĖ

The EU dairy sector has faced new challenges since the main EU enlargement in 2004. This paper investigates spatial raw milk price transmission between Germany, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. The study applies the Granger Causality test to analyse the short-term raw milk price movements between the selected markets. Results suggest that the raw milk markets of six countries have survived important price shocks over the investigated period. Furthermore, the raw milk price development patterns of countries that joined the EU in 2004 move towards the more integrated EU raw milk market. Results of the Granger Causality tests suggest that countries could be grouped in accordance to raw milk price setting. The price development patterns in countries that joined the EU in 2004 and before differ.

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