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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 16 ISSUE 3
Written by Dragoş Mihai MEDELETE

Barley is one of the cereals grown in Romania, along with corn, wheat, rye. Barley is grown in a small area (701.5 thousand ha - average for the period 2009-2011), and it is characterized by a total production of 43,128.2 tons and an average production of 6,148 kg/ha. The presentation of food balance is considered interesting in terms of supply and demand components: production, imports, stocks, exports, respectively seed material, food, industrial raw materials, other uses, losses. Based on the volume of total supply and demand, it could determine the balance of that product nationally.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 17 ISSUE 4
Written by Radu Lucian PÂNZARU, Dragoş Mihai MEDELETE

Romania is recognized both in the world and at European level as a major country cultivating cereals. The area occupied by corn indicates the importance of culture for Romania, which is given by the yield per hectare relative to wheat, its food and feed value, as well as the relatively simple technology, suitable for mechanization and easy to substitute for living labor. It is noticed that Europe held 10.15% of the world's surface. The indicator has recorded a non-uniform evolution at continental level. The European total maize production represents 11.73 % of the global output. The evolution of the indicator shows an upward trend for all the analyzed areas, except for Northern Europe with fluctuating evolution. In the global context, it is noticed that Europe has exceeded the average world production by 15.44%. Romania appears as a great cultivator at European level, but this positive aspect is not supported by high performance levels.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 15 ISSUE 4
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The paper aimed to present the current statement of the global trade in services and also by geographical regions, emphasizing the top exporting and importing countries. A special attention was given to transport and travel services. The global export in services accounted for USD 4,645 Billion and the world import in services was USD 4,390 Billion in 2013. The share of the export services in the global trade with commodities and services is 20 %. Compared to the previous years, in 2013 it was noticed a decline in various regions regarding the annual change. However, the highest growth rate of the export in services belongs to the Netherlands, France, Germany, China, the USA, India, Japan and United Kingdom. The top exporting countries of services are: USA 14.3 % market share, United Kingdom 6.3 %, Germany 6,2 %, France 5.1 %, and China 4.4 %. The top importing countries of services are: the USA with 9.8 % market share, China 7.5 %, Germany 7.2 %, France 4.3 %, and United Kingdom 4 %. The EU-28 is the top exporter of services with USD 891 Billion export value, representing 25 % of the world export and also the top importer with USD 668 Billion import value of services. It was followed by the USA, China, India and Japan. The travel services and transport services represent about 25 % and, respectively 22 % in the global trade with services.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 16 ISSUE 3
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The purpose of the paper was to analyze apple contribution to fruit production and consumption in Romania. The main trends regarding the area with apple plantations, apple production, yield, consumption and price were studied, as well as Romania's position as producer and consumer of apples among the EU-28. Romania has 145.4 thousand ha covered by orchards of which 39.5% are apple tree orchards. Apple is on the top position with a share of 48 % in fruit output, which accounted for 1,115.2 thousand tons in 2014. Average apple consumption is 23.5 kg/capita, with a good self-sufficiency rate, compared to fruit consumption which is not satisfactory yet compared to other EU countries. Romania is an important fruit and mainly apple producer, coming on the 3rd position for the apple tree orchards area, on the 8th position for apple production and for the 9th position for apple consumption in the EU. An average consumption of 73.7 kg fruit/capita, meaning about 202 g of fruit/day, reflects that the Romanian population must eat more fruit according to the WHO recommendations. Due to the classic technologies applied on 64 % of the orchards plantations and only 36 % intensive plantations, apple price at the farm gate accounts for Euro 62/ton, being very high compared to other EU countries. Due to its high potential for fruit production, and especially for apple production, Romania's fruit sector must continue to growth and become more competitive under the condition as the small producers to join their efforts in associative forms allowing them to set up modern plantations, to obtain farm inputs at a lower price, to assure a modern infrastructure, to apply intensive and super-intensive growing technologies, to conclude commercial contracts with the beneficiaries and sell better their fruits, increasing the economic efficiency across the whole fruit chain. In this way, domestic production is encouraged and fruit imports can be diminished, better satisfying consumers' preference for Romanian fruits.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 14 ISSUE 3
Written by Agatha POPESCU, Reta CONDEI

The paper purpose was to analyze the sorghum statement at world, EU and Romania level in order to establish the main trends in the future of this crop. Sorghum is an important cereal coming on the 5th position after maize, rice, wheat and barley at world level due to its importance in human nutrition, animal feed, in producing bioethanol and green energy, and due to its good impact on environment. It is cultivated on all the continents, in the tropical, subtropical and temperate areas due to its resistance to drought, production potential, low inputs and production cost. It is an alternative to maize crop being more utilized as substituent in animal diets. The world sorghum production reached 63,811 thousand metric tons in 2014, the main producers being the USA, Mexico, Nigeria, India, Argentina, Ethiopia, Sudan and China. The world consumption of sorghum reached 63,148 thousand metric tons and it is continuously increasing. The sorghum exports accounted for 7,690 thousand metric tons in 2014, of which the USA export represents 4,600 thousand metric tons. Besides the USA, other exporting countries are Argentina, Australia, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Uruguay, while the main importing countries are China, Japan, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the EU, Sudan. In 2014, the EU produced 576 thousand metric tons sorghum, imported 200 thousand metric tons, and consumed 770 thousand metric tons. The main EU producers of sorghum are France, Italy, Romania, Spain and Hungary. In 2012, Romania cultivated 20,000 ha with sorghum crop, 18 times more than in 2077. Also, in 2012, Romania produced 37.5 thousand tons of sorghum grains, by 31 times more than in 2007. The sorghum yield was 1,875 kg/ha by 66% higher in 2012 compared to 2007. Therefore, these figures show the increasing importance of sorghum crop at world level. Because Romania is situated in suitable geographical area for producing sorghum, it could increase production and become a more important supplier for the EU.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 15 ISSUE 4
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The purpose of the paper was to present the actual statement of the agri-food trade at world level and by geographical region, the top exporters and importers and the role of the EU-28 in the global trade. The world agricultural trade accounted for USD 3,419 Billion of which 48.31 % export and 51.69 % import in 2013. The annual percentage change was 2.5 % for export and 4 % for import, explained by the low demand in the emergent countries, and increased competitiveness and changes in the international market. The Americas are the top exporting regions of agricultural products with 40.5 % market share. The EU-28 is the top world exporter of agricultural products having 40.01 % market share and also the top world importer with 37.57 % market share. It registered Euro 18.6 Billion surplus in its trade balance due to the contribution of China, Saudi Arabia, and the USA. About 2.8 % of the EU-28 import value came from the least developed countries, representing more than 0.4%, the average of other main suppliers USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. Besides the top positions occupied by The EU-28 and the USA, Brazil, India and Argentina have a faster growth rate with a deep impact on the structure of the world agri-food market.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 16 ISSUE 3
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The purpose of the paper was to analyze vegetables and mainly tomatoes contribution to fruit production and consumption in Romania. Based on the statistical data for the period 2007-2014, it was studied the dynamics of the surface cultivated with vegetables and tomatoes, vegetable and tomatoes production, tomatoes yield, vegetable and tomatoes production per inhabitant, and also consumption and producer's price. Although vegetable and tomatoes cultivated area declined by 22 %, and respectively by 10 %, vegetable production reached 3,808 thousand tons and tomatoes production 711 thousand tons in 2014. For this reason, Romania comes on the 8th position among the top tomatoes producers in the EU-28. The vegetable intake of 186 kg and tomatoes consumption of 38 kg per capita and year, Romania exceeds WHO's recommendations assuring a healthy offer to its inhabitants. Tomatoes are a top vegetable contributing by 18.3 % to the cultivated area with vegetables and by 18.9 % to vegetable production. But, tomatoes yield of 15.1 tons per ha in 2014 is still small compared to other top producers. And tomatoes price at farm gate is Euro 73/100 kg much higher than in other countries. For this reason, to increase productivity and efficiency along the product chain, it is needed to extend tomatoes growing in green houses by investing in modern farms where modern technologies to be implemented. Producers must join their capital and efforts into an associative forms, to enlarge farm size for getting cheaper farm inputs, for applying modern technologies, for better selling their products. An EU financial support is required, but the EU criteria should be revised and much better tailored to the concrete conditions of Romania's small holdings, which are the most numerous in the Community.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 18 ISSUE 1
Written by Dragoș Mihai MEDELETE, Radu Lucian PÂNZARU, Marius VLADU, Gheorghe MATEI

The study seeks to establish an anchoring, in time, of the Romanian primary wheat supply, having regard to the importance of the respective product for the Romanian agricultural economy (the second crop plant at national level based on cultivated areas and total yields). In the same context, the importance of wheat crop can be revealed through the role that this product can play as an export item - especially in years characterized by considerable levels of yields. In the period 2014-2016, the levels of the cultivated area and the total production (2,119,062.67 ha and 7,992,788.67 t) are highlighted, but also the less appropriate performance in terms of average production (3,771 kg/ ha). It is worth mentioning that certain aspects that influence the preforms of the respective culture need to be improved: the stronger atomicity of producers, the financing measures (non-reimbursable EU funds not accessible to the large mass of producers), the adequate upgrading of capital items mechanical capital and the upgrading of storage and preservation areas), the protection of certain categories of producers from the sensitive aspects of the market (for example, the evolution of the marketing prices).

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 15 ISSUE 4
Written by Agatha POPESCU

The paper aimed to present a statistical overview on the world trade of goods in term of export, import and balance value by geographical region and product, the top "players" in the commodity export and import and their market share at global level. Also, it aimed to emphasize the position of the EU-28 in the global trade of goods. In 2013, the world commodity export accounted for USD 18,301 Billion and import value was USD 18,498 Billion.The export growth rate was 3.5 % exceeding the global GDP growth rate of only 2% in the pariod 2005-2013. The top countries in the world commodity export based on the export value and their market shares are: China ( 12 %), USA (8.6 %), Germany (8 %), and Japan (3.8 %). The top countries in the global import of goods and their market share are USA (12.3 %), China (10.3 %), Germany (6.3 %), and Japan (4.4%). Three biggest economic "players":the EU- 28, the USA and China have created a new distribution of the economic powers. In the prospect of 2030, these three economic poles will carry out more than 50 % of the global output. Europe is the most powerful economic region and player in the international trade of commodities. The emerging economies have a faster development and are more involved in the international trade of goods. The commerce with commodities will continue to grow at a lower rate than before because of the slow growth of the global GDP. As a conclusion, the policy makers both in the emergent and non emergent economies should take the best decisions at national, regional and international levels on the participation at the international trade and evaluate their impact on the economic development.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", Vol. 18 ISSUE 4
Written by Agatha POPESCU, Toma Adrian DINU, Elena STOIAN

The paper analyzed the status of Sorghum crop worldwide, in the EU and Romania regarding the cultivated area, production, yield and trade pointing out the main trends. The data provided by the Data bases of NIS and Faostat have been processed using usual methods such as fixed index and comparison. In 2017, the world Sorghum production reached 63.9 million tonnes, and the average yield 1,427 kg/ha. The main producers of Sorghum are the USA, Nigeria, Sudan, Mexico, Ethiopia and India. In 2017, the EU represented just 0.12 % of the world area cultivated with Sorghum. and produced 755 thousand tonnes of grains,i.e.1.18 % of the world output. But, the EU average yield is 5,580 kg/ha, being 3.81 times higher than the world mean. In main EU producers of Sorghum are: Italy, France, Spain, Romania, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria. In 2017, Romania cultivated 13,833 ha, representing 25.2 % of the EU area and produced 54,282 tonnes Sorghum grains, i.e.7.18 % to the EU output. Per surface unit, Romania carried out 3,879 kg/ha, 2.71 times more than the world mean and by 30 % less than in the EU. Romania is also an important exporter of sorghum grains and the trade balance is positive. Due to the advantages of this crop and taking into account the need to mitigate the effects of climate change, the EU policy provides a new perspective to grow the cultivated surface and production. Romanian farmers must use new technologies, paying attention to high value hybrids, fertilization and plant protection to improve yield, and production. Romania has to keep its position as an important producer and exporter of Sorghum in the EU by developing this agricultural sector.

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Vol. 24 - Issue 4

Page 48 of 68

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© 2019 To be cited: Scientific Papers. Series “Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development“.

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